On the 16th February 2005 the Kyoto Protocol came into effect, after seven years of finalizing negotiations and thirteen years after adopting the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Rio de Janeiro.
At the end of June 2005, Britain took over the presidency of the European Union for the last six months of the year.
In only a few years the promotion of democracy has become a full-fledged objective of the European Union’s foreign policies.
From the point of view of Euro-Mediterranean politics, 2005 was almost entirely marked by the Barcelona Summit and its preparation.
On 7th January 2004, King Mohamed VI created the Equity and Reconciliation Commission to investigate human rights violations which have taken place since the country's Independence in 1956.
The starting point for forging a Euro-Mediterranean Community of Democratic States can be found in the Barcelona Declaration agreed by Euro-Mediterranean Partners 10 years ago.
The Arab countries have demonstrated progress in many of the MDGs. However, progress varies, across the sub-regions, at the country level, and from goal to goal.
In 2005 the Sahara’s conflict entered its thirtieth year, without anybody being able to talk of victory or defeat on either side.
The double, clear and ample “No” to the European Constitution in France and The Netherlands, in the referendums of 29th May and 3rd June has plunged the EU into a crisis of legitimacy.
On November 25th, 2005, the city of Barcelona organised a "Conference of Euro-Mediterranean Cities" within the framework of the tenth anniversary of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership.
During the Euromed summit in Barcelona, Algeria circulated a document evaluating ten years of dialogue and cooperation.
The 2005 European panorama will be remembered for the blockade of the European Constitution in the French and Dutch Referendums; with regards to the Mediterranean, for Gaza's Israeli withdrawal.
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