In recent decades two parallel processes have coexisted at a world level: globalisation, on the one hand, and the reaffirmation of different cultural identities, on the other. Both processes are interrelated, as the cultural homogenisation which is usually linked to globalisation involves a threat to local cultures, to specific identities. Thus the fear emerges of losing the cultural references that define people and hence the conflicts and demands around local or regional identities. In this dual process the policies of the nation-states, which in many cases govern distinct identities in the same state framework, have had much to do. So that the nation-state does not become a “failed state”, a civilising endeavour is necessary that legitimises these identities.

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