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Field Diagnosis: Developing Female Entrepreneurship in the Wilaya of Sétif

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Introduction

Presentation of Women in Business of Algeria (WIBA)

Since the 1980s, women entrepreneurs have represented a growing part of the economies of their nations throughout the world. They have set up highly diverse businesses, contributing to the development of a wide range of products and services.

This diagnosis has been coordinated by WIBA, a community of female heads of company or business managers, researchers, craftswomen, potential entrepreneurs, directors and executives. Founded in 2016 and active in more than 22 wilayas, WIBA implements many projects to promote women’s entrepreneurship in order to achieve the objectives set by the community and participate in the economic and social development of Algeria.

With the slogan “We can do it, nothing is impossible” WIBA’s aims are:

• To organise itself into a national association.

• To bring women out of isolation.

• To encourage the emergence of businesses launched and run by women.

• To foster the creation of businesses by sharing information and organising professional networking with female potential entrepreneurs (project promoters) and start-ups.

• To promote innovation and excellence by setting up scientific research cells run by women researchers who are members of the WIBA community (quality standards).

• To train and support women to encourage them to create their own employment autonomously.

• To set up a platform for commercial exchanges and support among women.

• To create a network of women business managers and craftswomen at national level by encouraging contacts and relationships between members of different regions and different complementary jobs.

• To promote modern enterprise, a factor for fulfilment and social affirmation for women.

• To develop training actions suitable for women’s specific needs.

• To promote the tourism and craft industries, particularly for rural women.

• To organise and participate in national and international seminars to develop enterprise culture and expand reflection and exchanges.

• To encourage and develop green economy and social economy.

The diagnosis has been drawn up by Ms. Fairouz HABACHE, a graduate in methods and planning, a former senior manager of the national plastics and rubber company (ENPC Sétif), head of a building, public works and water company (BTPH) and founder of the WIBA group. A consultant in women’s entrepreneurial development, Ms. Habache is also a member of the national “MowgliAlgeria” council, a mentoring programme for businesses in Algeria.

The members of the local cluster of gender equality actors© in Sétif were also involved in drawing up the diagnosis and carrying out the pilot action to mobilise equality actors from March to May 2018:

• Sétif delegation of the Business Managers’ Forum (FCE) (employers’ association).
• Management and Business Institute (MBI) (training institute).
• Sétif National Specialist Vocational Training Institute (INSFP) (research and training body).
• University of Sétif (research and education entity).
• Algerian Women’s Observatory (OAF) (national consultative body set up on 13 September 2003 by the services of the Ministry of the Interior and local authorities).
• Orchidia CMPE (business).
• Dzeriet Magazine (media).

Several State institutions have also been involved in the consultation and data collection workshops on female entrepreneurship:

• CMESA consulting.
• National Unemployment Insurance Fund (CNAC).
• National Microcredit Management Agency (ANGEM).
• National Youth Employment Support Agency (ANSEJ).
• Chamber of Commerce.
• Sétif popular municipal assembly (APC).

The Aim and Target Area of the Diagnosis

The aim of the diagnosis is to determine and analyse the constraints slowing down and/or blocking the development of women’s entrepreneurship in the wilaya of Sétif and to identify the right solutions to improve performance in this area and make it productive, taking into account the social environment and the specific business climate in Algeria, and in Sétif in particular.

This diagnosis is based on the principle that equality of opportunity for men and women must be encouraged in business. The diagnosis concerns the wilaya of Sétif, one of the most important regions in Algeria, in the east of the country. It represents an economic centre and flourishing business hub thanks to its dynamic activities, particularly industry, largely represented

by the home appliance, food processing, plastics and chemical sectors. In agriculture, it is one of the main cereal-growing regions in the country. Sétif is also a dominant commercial centre in the region, as it has the second biggest shopping mall in North Africa and a large commercial market in the municipality of El Eulma.

Including 60 municipalities, the wilaya of Sétif covers an area of 6,550 km², with a population of 1,489,979 (2008 census), which puts it second, behind the capital Algiers and just ahead of Oran.

Methodology for Drawing Up the Diagnosis

Target population

• 100 women taking part in the third Sétif Job and Entrepreneurship Show, held on 7 and 8 April 2018 at the Houari Boumediene Arts Centre in Sétif. This fair, organised jointly by public and private bodies, is intended to be a direct link between jobseekers and employers. The show recorded more than 22,000 jobs on offer from participating businesses and more than 5,000 visitors, of whom 65% were women. On this occasion, a quantitative survey of the intentions of women entrepreneurs was carried out with 100 women.

• 30 people consulted via workshops to determine the constraints and incentives for development for women entrepreneurs (women entrepreneurs, craftswomen, potential entrepreneurs, political leaders, members of the local cluster of gender equality actors© and consultants) and to obtain qualitative data.

Tools used

• Survey with questionnaire administered to 100 Sétif women at the Job Show (answers processed and analysed using Microsoft xlstat data).

• Participatory approach through facilitation and coaching in workshops:

• Workshop to determine the constraints and obstacles in the food processing sector on the 15th and 17th of March.
• Workshop on the flaws in the application of business management training on the 29th and 31st of March.
• Workshop on the role of computer tools and the internet in businesses on the 3rd of May.
• Seminar intended to analyse the conclusions of the workshops for drawing up the diagnosis on the 4th of May.
• Presentation of the conclusions of the diagnosis on the 5th of May.

Key concepts and terms

• Female entrepreneurs: this covers economic activities and businesses set up and developed by women.

• The food processing industry: economic sector covering the activities involved in transforming, exploiting and processing of agricultural products into food commodities intended for human and animal consumption.

• Business management: this is the set of methods and techniques intended to manage, organise, direct and control businesses efficiently and effectively.

• Digital marketing: also called e-marketing, digital marketing includes all marketing practices using digital media and channels.

• E-commerce: e-commerce or “electronic commerce” is the online sale of goods or services via retail websites. These electronic transactions are largely made using the internet.

• ISO standard: document established by consensus and approved by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) which provides rules, guidelines and characteristics for activities or their results for common, repeated use, ensuring an optimum level in a given context.

• Andragogy: this means the techniques likely to lead to knowledge and to training a group of professionals.

• Facilitator: person encouraging and helping a group to understand the common goals and supporting them to organise and achieve these goals.

Current Situation of Female Entrepreneurship in Sétif

Current Political, Social, Economic and Legal Situation in Algeria

Since its independence, Algeria has taken measures to ensure gender equality before the law and equal access to education, training and employment (as employees and entrepreneurs).

a. Political and legal situation

• The recognition of women’s political representation materialised with the organic law of 12 January 2012 “establishing the ways of increasing women’s chances of access to representation in elected assemblies”.
• The executive order of 29 March 1997 concerning the establishment of a National Women’s Council stipulates that “the council is responsible for ensuring the promotion of women and providing information for them. It can establish a database on women, carry out research and studies, encourage associations and initiate relations with international institutions working in this area”.
• The ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
• CEDAW) in 1996 establishes that the State is committed to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the area of employment (art. 11) and other areas of economic and social life (art. 13). Article 11 also mentions the right to work, to the same employment opportunities, to the free choice of profession, equal pay, social security, health protection and secure working conditions, with maternity leave and family benefits.
• The UNESCO convention concerning the fight against discrimination in education was ratified by Algeria in 1968.

b. Schooling

The aim of Algerian policy since independence has been to achieve gender equality in schooling. According to Unicef, in 2012-2013, the enrolment rate among boys and girls was 52.4% and 47.6% respectively in primary schools and 52.5% and 47.5% in middle schools. The real difference appears in secondary education (lycée) with a 57.6% schooling rate for girls compared with 42.4% for boys.

According to the National Statistical Office (ONS), girls are more successful than boys in the baccalaureate examination (as an example, in 2007, the baccalaureate success rate was 39% among boys compared to 43.67% among girls). According to 2015 data from the Ministry of Higher Education, of more than 1,500,000 students enrolled for university courses, 60% were women.

c. Women’s employment

According to ONS statistics from 2015, the employment rate of women is lower than that of men, whatever their age. However, we can see evolution thanks to greater inclusion of women in the job market. The general working population [1] of the country amounts to 11,932,000 people, of whom 2,317,000 are women, namely 19.4% of the working population.

The economic activity rate [2] has reached 41.8%: 66.8% for men and 16.4% among women. In addition, the employed population [3] is estimated at 10,594,000 people, an employment rate of 26.4%. Women constitute a volume of 1,934,000 employed people, forming 18.3% of the total employed population.

According to the same source, working as an employee continues to be the dominant form of employment in Algeria, accounting for an average of seven out of every ten employed people (69.8%). This proportion is clearly larger among women, reaching 78.8% or an average of eight out of ten employed women.

Finally, 50.9% of university graduates had a job in September 2014 compared to 32.6% of vocational training graduates.

d. Unemployment

From ONS statistics concerning unemployment in 2015, the unemployed population is estimated at 1,337,000 people, giving an unemployment rate of 11.2% nationally – 9.9% for men and 16.6% for women. Among young women (aged 16-24), the rate is 45.3% and among older women (aged 25+) it is 12.3%.

Female Entrepreneurs in Algeria

Data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor study (GEM [4] ) on Algeria in 2012, show that the average entrepreneurial activity rate in Algeria during the years 2009 to 2012 was 14.5% for men compared to 8% for women.

a. Statistics on women entrepreneurs according to the National Commercial Registry Centre (CNRC)

According to CNRC statistics for February 2017, women registered as owners of businesses (organisations) represent 6% of the total number of owners. Women’s companies operate in services (39.4%), production of goods (25.3%), imports for sale in Algeria (16.8%), wholesale distribution (10.2%), retail distribution (6.6%), craft production (1.1%) and exports (0.6%).

Women entrepreneurs (physical persons) represent 8% of the total of physical persons without a legal entity. By branch of activity, women entrepreneurs (physical persons) are particularly involved in retail distribution (49%), services (37.9%), production of goods (9.4%), wholesale distribution (3.4%), craft production (0.26%) and export (0.01%). By age group, it can be seen that women entrepreneurs aged between 39 and 48 are the most numerous (26.21%), followed by those aged between 49 and 58 (23.7%).

b. Statistics for women entrepreneurs in support [5] schemes in Algeria

• The National Agency Supporting Youth Employment (ANSEJ): [6]

According to ANSEJ, in 2016:

1. 66% of projects financed are run by young people who have been through vocational training.
2. 18% of projects financed are run by university graduates.
3. 65% of projects are financed with sums of less than 5 million dinars (less than €37,000).
4. 14% of projects are financed for the benefit of women.
5. 92% of the promoters financed are aged under 35.
6. 2% of projects are financed for an extension.
7. The share of projects in agriculture has moved from 26% in 2014 to 29% in 2015 and 31% in 2016.
8. The share of projects in building, public works and water company has moved from 12% in 2014 to 16% in 2015 and 15% in 2016.
9. The share of industry and maintenance has moved from 16% in 2014, to 21% in 2015 and 24% in 2016.
10. The share of the liberal professions has moved from 4% in 2014, to 5% in 2015 and 6% in 2016.
11. In the services sector, the rate of funding is falling, moving from 32% in 2014 to 21% in 2016.

Table 1. ANSEJ funded projects by gender and sector of activity (from 1996 to 2016)

Table 2. Projects financed for the benefit of women (national level) [7]

• The proportion of projects financed for the benefit of women has progressed considerably, moving from an average of 7% in the period 2010-2013 to 9% in 2014, 11% in 2015 and 14% during 2016.

• The National Unemployment Insurance Fund (CNAC): [8] According to CNAC data, in the period 2010-2015, the programme has made it possible to finance more than 123,000 projects, of which more than 11,000 were set up by women (10%). This is slightly lower than the figure for ANSEJ projects.

• National Microcredit Management Agency (ANGEM): [9] Based on cumulative statistics from ANGEM in 2017, women are the main beneficiaries of this scheme. They represent 62.44% of 796,333 projects financed since the establishment of the agency in 2004.

Current Situation in Sétif

a. Demographics

According to ONS statistics for 2008, men represent 50.77% of Sétif’s resident population compared to 49.23% of women, namely 733,545 women. The distribution by age group is as follows: the population aged under 20 represents the largest group, with a share of 39.67%;

21.85% of women are aged 20-29; 14.41% are aged 30-39; and those aged between 40 and 50 and 50 and 60 represent successively 10.49% and 6.72%. The rest are over 60 (6.86%).

b. Schooling

By using the information provided by the statistical service of the scheduling and budgetary monitoring department of the wilaya of Sétif in 2017 concerning primary schooling, girls represent 47.74% of the total. At middle school (collège) level, the proportion of girls reaches 48.42% and finally, in secondary education (lycée) the share is 59.25% of girls.

The data from the Ministry of Higher Education has shown that the number of graduates from the University of Sétif in 2017 is 6,309, of whom 3,587 (56.86%) are women.

c. Employment in the wilaya of Sétif

From 2017 statistics from the National Employment Agency, the working population of Sétif represents 1,489,979 people, which is equivalent to 61.81% of the population. Among these, 17,202 people have been contracted as employees in 2017, of whom 15,851 are men compared with 1,351 women. This means that there are relatively few female employees.

Women Entrepreneurs in Sétif

a. Statistics for women entrepreneurs in the wilaya of Sétif, according to ANSEJ

According to ANSEJ Sétif statistics, 405 projects were launched under this scheme in 2017, 14.81% of them by women (60 projects). Among the leaders of these projects, 41 have university education, 16 have been through vocational training and three have an average educational level.

In Sétif, 41.67% of these 60 women entrepreneurs went to the ANSEJ to start up in business in a liberal profession (lawyer, dentist, notary public, etc.); 25% of them are active in the area of services and 18.33% in industry, while agriculture, crafts, civil engineering and water occupy the lowest ranks for female entrepreneurs in Sétif, with percentages of 6.67%, 3.33%, 3.33% and 1.67% respectively.

b. Statistics for women entrepreneurs in the wilaya of Sétif, according to the CNAC National unemployment insurance fund (Caisse nationale d’assurance chômage), Sétif

1.Number of projects completed in 2017= 137

2. Number of projects completed by women in 2017= 23

3. Level of education of women project creators in 2017:

4. Rate by sector of activity of companies created by women in 2017:

The statistics from the CNAC in Sétif show that in 2017 it financed 137 projects, 23 of them led by women. Agriculture and services to groups were the main sectors for start-ups.

c. Link between the situation in the wilaya of Sétif and national level

After setting out the current situation of women entrepreneurs in the wilaya of Sétif and Algeria, we can conclude that there is a similarity between the Sétif region and the other regions of the country in terms of insufficient participation of women in the economic sphere.

However, the wilaya of Sétif stands out from other areas for its economic and commercial potential because it is considered a reference in business management. This potential is strengthened by the existence of various university centres and the considerable range of training thanks to “public vocational training centres”, particularly the National Specialist Vocational Training Institute (INSFP), specialising in the areas of food processing, automation, etc., which is the leading institute in Algeria intended for African students.

The establishment of various private schools of business, management and entrepreneurship can also be seen, allowing convergence towards a knowledge-based economy.

The diversity of entrepreneurial activities run by women, particularly the food processing industry, crafts and agriculture, is also an advantage for the wilaya of Sétif. In this context, a programme has been launched under the aegis of the Wali of Sétif for an “attractive, green, learning” wilaya.

d. The link between the situation in the wilaya of Sétif and the State’s international commitments

Thanks to the efforts made by the Algerian State to integrate women and strengthen their status as the cornerstone of economic growth, shown by the promulgation of various laws and mechanisms, it can be seen that, for the women of Sétif, entrepreneurship represents both a challenge and an opportunity. Generally, the women of Sétif enjoy a favourable climate for all kinds of female contributions to the economic development of the country, particularly entrepreneurial activity.

Obstacles and Incentives for Change

In order to determine the obstacles to improving the current situation of women entrepreneurs in the wilaya of Sétif, two approaches have been applied.

The Share of Projects in Agriculture

A questionnaire has been drawn up to focus on the motivations driving women from Sétif towards enterprise, the obstacles restraining or standing in the way of their entrepreneurial intentions and to identify the most attractive fields for women who wish to start their own businesses. A survey was carried out with 100 women, a sample selected randomly among the visitors to the Entrepreneurship and Employment Show in April 2018.

a. Age group

Most of the women questioned were young: 83% of them were aged between 20 and 29, 12% were under 20 and 5% were adults aged between 30 and 40.

b. Marital status

Our sample is characterised by a strong presence of single women (82% compared to 17% married women).

c. Residential environment

The majority of our sample live in urban environments (81% compared with 19% in rural environments).

d. Professional qualifications

The data collected has shown that the 100 women questioned have a degree or other qualification. 87% of our sample have a university degree and 13% a professional qualification. 47% of women are unemployed, 36% are students, 13% are employees and 4% own businesses.

e. Entrepreneurial intent

The data collected has shown that 90% of those questioned intend to start a business.

Among the 90 women with entrepreneurial intent, 42 are jobless, 33 are students and 11 are employees. 4% of entrepreneurial intent has been expressed by business owners who want to launch other investment projects.

58% of women questioned consider that the founding of a business by a woman in Algeria is a challenge, while 42% of them see it as an opportunity.

It can be seen from the above graph that the highest rate of entrepreneurial intent can be found among women aged between 20 and 30.

f. Activity sectors

The activity sectors where women want to start their businesses are, successively, services (aimed at consumers), retail trade and industrial production and crafts. There is notably little intention to work in agriculture.

g. Motivations

Each woman was able to choose several responses – “The search for autonomy” (cited by 69 women) and “development in areas they like” (cited by 47 women) are the main motivations stimulating women to be entrepreneurs, followed by their “need to have good social status” (cited by 36 women) and “contribution to the development of the country” (cited by 27 women).

h. Constraints and obstacles

Most women questioned in this survey considered that the obstacles to starting businesses are, respectively: the lack of financial means, the negative image of women entrepreneurs in society and the lack of family support.

A Participatory Approach

This part of the diagnosis has been drawn up following an andragogical method with a view to encourage the people consulted to participate and cooperate with the facilitators. The workshops were intended for 30 young students, women entrepreneurs and craftswomen.

1st Workshop to determine the obstacles that face entrepreneurs in the food processing sector.

The workshop was led by Ms. Nadra RAMDANI, a member of WIBA, expert in the food processing industry and vocational training teacher at the INFSP. The aim was to look at the food processing industries sector, considering its definition and the manufacture of some products, notably the extraction, treatment and transformation of dirty oil into finished products such as essential oils, margarine, soap, glycerine, etc.

2nd Workshop to determine the flaws in business and business management trainings.

Examples of methods were presented, such as the economic competence method for training in the entrepreneurial spirit and project cycle management (PCM).

This workshop was led by Ms. Fatiha BOULANOUAR, member of WIBA and international expert. The aim was to show the importance of women entrepreneurs, business management, the principal management functions, the steps to be followed for projects so that projects work well and the importance of competitive watch and business positioning.

3rd Workshop to explore the role of IT and the internet in business.

Led by Ms. Aicha Beya MAAMMERIA, member of WIBA and expert in ecology and the environment and senior lecturer at Annaba University. The workshop developed the role of IT in organisations (databases, ERP integrated management software, contact, filing, etc.) and the fundamental role of the internet, as well as social media, in promoting businesses. The facilitator notably showed the impact for businesses of obtaining ISO certification.

4th activity: Seminar intended to analyse the conclusions of the previous workshops

Led by Mr. Bachir ACHACHE, a marketing and international trade consultant, it was able to draw the following conclusions:

• Concerning the constraints and obstacles in the food processing sector:

1. Raw material provisioning constraints.
2. Political and economic constraints, linked to the banking environment where interest rates are prohibitive.
3. Technological constraints associated with insufficient knowledge among entrepreneurs in this area, the poor level of staff training and the inappropriate maintenance of facilities.
4. Commercial constraints linked to the stagnation of sales that could be due to the absence of a real market study before the unit was established.
5. Women need to improve their skills in the fields of saponification, fats and cosmetics (vocational training)

• Concerning flaws in the application of management and business training, women found difficulties because of:

1. Lack of management and business training.
2. Low level of practice of management techniques in business management.
3. Lack of negotiation experience to break into new markets.

• Concerning the role of IT and the internet in business, it emerged that:

1. IT is at the heart of far-reaching professional transformations. The design and mastery of software make it possible to optimise work processes in business.
2. IT allows a particular reading of a business’s internal and external environment.
3. The internet is an information and communication medium offering exceptional prospects for growth.
4. Social media represents a shop window for publicising products and services and acquiring customers or securing their loyalty.

5th Activity: Presentation of diagnosis conclusions

This activity brought together 40 people: potential entrepreneurs and representatives of organisations providing entrepreneurship training and support. A trip was organised to visit several activity sites run by women in various municipalities in Sétif.

The tour itinerary was as follows:

1. The metal surface treatment business “Mekhniche Galvano”, founded and managed by Ms. Leila MEKHNICHE, in the city of Hchama, Sétif.
2. The business “Grickalice”, specialising in transforming puffed wheat, founded and managed by Ms. Nadia HAMIDAT, in the daïra of Ain Arnat, Sétif.
3. The “A. Kebir” soap factory, a micro-industry manufacturing soap, founded and managed by Ms. Djaouida KEBIR, in the municipality of Ain Romane, Sétif.
4. Ms. Asma ALOUI, founder and manager of a cardboard packaging business.
5. The saffron growing and royal jelly and honey manufacturing business “Sœurs Bennaidja”, at Guelta Zerga in the daïra of El Eulma, Sétif.

These success stories demonstrated the ambition, motivations and, above all, the courage of Sétif women to succeed in their projects, despite social and economic constraints, etc.

The presentation of the conclusions was led by Mr. Mohamed Redha OUASET, a consultant and trainer in entrepreneurship and business management, with the cooperation of the whole diagnosis team. The conclusions are as follows:

• Women represent 50% of the Sétif population and half of them are young (50% of the women are aged under 30).
• Women have a strong presence in universities and vocational training centers.
• Women’s presence among employees and entrepreneurs in Sétif is weak.
• There is notably strong entrepreneurial intent among young women.
• There are State support schemes (ANSEJ, CNAC, ANGEM, et ANDI) to boost women entrepreneurs.
• The public administrations provide facilitation and State tax and parafiscal benefits.
• The diagnosis has made it possible to highlight the difficulties and obstacles found by women entrepreneurs and potential entrepreneurs, with suggestions aimed at consolidating and developing the entrepreneurial spirit and businesses belonging to women.

Recommendations and Conclusions

Following the data collection and exchange workshops with the stakeholders, the following recommendations were put forward:

• Encourage and guide women towards founding businesses, particularly in the food processing and craft sectors.
• Promote enterprise among women through communication and coaching programmes.
• Establish training programmes in business management for women.
• Integrate an “entrepreneurship” model at different levels of education (university and vocational training).
• Establish and develop networks for women entrepreneurs so they can have useful contacts, general information and more specific information about entrepreneurship.
• Establish a specialised scheme to carry out studies to monitor women entrepreneurs to provide public policies better adapted to specific needs in this area.
• Create space for women entrepreneurs, State administrations and professional organisations to develop women’s participation in the economic sphere (physical and virtual meeting point and event).
• Establish documentation and information centres to better inform and raise the awareness of women of their professional rights and opportunities.
• Improve ways of giving information about policies and actions currently in place to promote very small enterprises (VSE) and small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) run by women.
• Promote women’s autonomy and encourage part-time working thorough legislation allowing women to combine professional activity with domestic responsibilities.
• Integrate a support service for women into legal, management and project management at the level of different financial support schemes established by the Algerian State (ANSEJ, CNAC, ANGEM, etc.).

In conclusion, the wilaya of Sétif has great potential and strong entrepreneurial intent among women who are motivated by a desire for autonomy and to develop in the areas they like. However, this intention to found a business is hampered by constraints such as the fear of getting involved, the lack of funding, inexperience in business, bureaucracy negatively influencing entrepreneurial intent and, above all, the absence of support and business incubators.

The greater challenge for women with active businesses lies in managing their projects, as well as establishing and securing the loyalty of customers, making it possible to ensure their continuity and development.

Ultimately, this potential among the women of Sétif needs to be directed, supported and monitored to make Sétif a centre and a model to be followed in order to develop women’s entrepreneurship in Algeria.

References

Books

CHASSERIO Stéphanie, PAILOT Philippe, POROLI Corinne, “Le grand livre de l’entrepreneuriat” (The Big Book of Entrepreneurship). Paris, Dunod, 2013.

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SELLAMI Mounira, “L’intention entrepreneuriale des femmes algériennes (cas des universitaires de Ouargla-Algérie)” (Entrepreneurial Intent Among Algerian Women: the Case of Ouargla-Algeria University Students). Ouargla, 2008.

Reviews

ARASTI Zahra, “L’entrepreneuriat féminin en Iran : Les structures socioculturelles” (Women Entrepreneurs in Iran: Sociocultural Structures), Revue Libanaise de Gestion et d’Économie (Lebanese Management and Economics Review), Volume 1, Pages 1-29, 2008, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1999762008700016.

HIMRANE Mohamed, HASSANI Hocine, “Une analyse multidimensionnelle de l’entrepreneuriat féminin en Algérie” (A Multidimensional Analysis of Women Entrepreneurs in Algeria), Algerian Review of Economic Development (ARED), Number 06, 2017, https://revues.univ-ouargla.dz/index.php/number-06-june-2017/4015-une-analysemultidimensionnelle-de-l-entrepreneuriat-feminin-en-algerie-a-multidimensional-analysis-of-wo men-entrepreneurship-in-algeria-mohamed-himrane-hocine-hassani

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AGENCE NATIONALE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L’INVESTISSEMENT – ANDI (NATIONAL AGENCY FOR INVESTMENT DEVELOPMENT, “La wilaya de Sétif” (The Wilaya of Sétif), Monographie des Wilayas, (Monograph of Wilayas) 2013, http://www.andi.dz/PDF/ monographies/setif.pdf.

CONSEIL NATIONAL ECONOMIQUE ET SOCIAL – CNES (NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL): “Quelle place pour les jeunes dans la perspective du développement humain durable en Algérie ?” (What is the Place of Young People in the Prospects for Sustainable Human Development in Algeria?), Rapport national sur le développement humain 2013-2014 (National Report on Human Development 20132014), Algeria, 2015.

ALGERIAN MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY AND MINES, “Bulletin d’information statistique” (Statistical Information Bulletin), Bulletin PME, Number 30, 2017.

ALGERIAN NATIONAL STATISTICAL OFFICE (ONS), “Activité, emploi et chômage” (Activity, Employment and Unemployment), quarterly issue, statistical collection, from 2000 to 2016.

ALGERIAN NATIONAL STATISTICAL OFFICE (ONS), “Premier recensement économique” (First Economic Census), Collections statistiques (Statistical Collections), Number 69, 2012.

UNICEF, “Tous à l’école” (Everyone to School), Rapport national sur les enfants non scolarisés (National Report on Unschooled Children), 2014.

Acronyms

ANDI: Agence nationale de développement de l’investissement (National Investment Development Agency)

ANGEM: Agence nationale de gestion du micro-crédit (National Microcredit Management Agency)

ANSEJ: Agence nationale de soutien à l’emploi des jeunes (National Agency Supporting Youth Employment)

APC: Assemblée populaire communale (Popular Municipal Assembly).

CNAC: Caisse nationale d’assurance chômage (National Unemployment Insurance Fund)

CNRC: Centre national du registre de commerce (National Commercial Registry Centre)

FCE: Forum des chefs d’entreprises (Business Managers’ Forum)

GEM: Global Enterpreneurship Monitor

INSFP: Institut national spécialisé de la formation professionnelle (National Specialist Vocational Training Institute)

MBI: Management and Business Institute

Notes

[1] The working population: the group of people of working age who are available in the job market, whether they have a job (employed working population) or whether they are unemployed.

[2] The economic activity rate is the ratio between the number of active individuals and the whole population.

[3] The employed population includes all people who have jobs.

[4] Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: annual assessment at national level of entrepreneurial activity in several countries.

[5] Support schemes are programmes making it possible to support all projects and innovators through financial backing and training.

[6] ANSEJ is a specific type of public body. Established in 1996, it supports potential entrepreneurs in creating and extending micro-businesses for producing goods and services. ANSEJ projects are intended for people aged between 19 and 35.

[7] Source : https://www.ansej.org.dz/index.php/fr/nos-statistiques.

[8] Since 2004, the Caisse nationale d’assurance chômage (CNAC) has completed the ANSEJ scheme by allowing unemployed people aged between 30 and 50 who have already worked to set up their own business or expand a business they have already founded.

[9] The Agence Nationale de gestion du micro credit (ANGEM) is a microcredit scheme offering the chance to benefit from support for carrying out professional projects.